Geopolitics 地缘政治 (dì yuán zhèng zhì) – How geography and power affect global relations.

State-led 国家主导 (guó jiā zhǔ dǎo) – When the government takes the lead in managing the economy.

Market-driven 市场驱动 (shì chǎng qū dòng) – Powered by supply and demand, not controlled by the state.

Synergy 协同效应 (xié tóng xiào yìng) – When cooperation creates a better outcome than individual efforts.

Innovation 创新 (chuàng xīn) – Creating new ideas or methods to improve things.

Generational shifts 世代转变 (shì dài zhuǎn biàn) – How different generations think and act differently.

Sustainability 可持续性 (kě chí xù xìng) – Developing in a way that protects the future, especially the environment.

Dual circulation strategy 双循环战略 (shuāng xún huán zhàn lüè) – A plan to grow China’s economy by focusing on both domestic and global markets.

Capitalism 资本主义 (zī běn zhǔ yì) – An economy where businesses are owned privately and aim to make profit.

Socialism 社会主义 (shè huì zhǔ yì) – An economy where the government owns or manages major industries to promote fairness.

Global trade imbalance 全球贸易失衡 (quán qiú mào yì shī héng) – When trade between countries is uneven, causing economic strain.

Asset prices 资产价格 (zī chǎn jià gé) – The value of things people invest in, like property or stocks.

Economic model 经济模式 (jīng jì mó shì) – A system used to run a country’s economy.

Policy 政策 (zhèng cè) – A government’s plan or rule for managing issues.

Reform 改革 (gǎi gé) – Changing something to make it better.